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### Newton–Raphson division

Newton–Raphson uses Newton's method to find the reciprocal of , and multiply that reciprocal by  to find the final quotient .

The steps of Newton–Raphson are:

1.   Calculate an estimate for the reciprocal of the divisor (): .

2.   Compute successively more accurate estimates of the reciprocal:

3.   Compute the quotient by multiplying the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor: .

In order to apply Newton's method to find the reciprocal of , it is necessary to find a function  which has a zero at . The obvious such function is , but the Newton–Raphson iteration for this is unhelpful since it cannot be computed without already knowing the reciprocal of . Moreover multiple iterations for refining reciprocal are not possible since higher order derivatives do not exist for . A function which does work is , for which the Newton–Raphson iteration gives

which can be calculated from  using only multiplication and subtraction, or using two fused multiply–adds.

If the error is defined as  then

Apply a bit-shift to the divisor D to scale it so that 0.5 ≤ D ≤ 1 . The same bit-shift should be applied to the numerator N so that the quotient does not change. Then one could use a linear approximation in the form

to initialize Newton–Raphson. To minimize the maximum of the absolute value of the error of this approximation on interval  one should use

Using this approximation, the error of the initial value is less than

Since for this method the convergence is exactly quadratic, it follows that

steps is enough to calculate the value up to  binary places.